The Corporate Greening And Corporate Sustainability

Introduction This essay attempts to understand the role of leadership in the corporate greening and corporate sustainability. Essay also elaborates the how the leader can help the environment from the current corporate issues like climate change, global warming etc. Also the leaders play an important role in the corporate governance. Although we need to understand what is corporate greening and corporate sustainability. The issue of the greening and the sustainability is the significant and most complicated. Over the past few decades, greening in its various modes has come up as a compelling element of corporate activity. It involved the key environment issues such as pollution, recycling, and the resource management. However, many critical voices, particularly those from the deep ecology school of writers, continue to stress the inadequacy of the existing management paradigm to support anything except relatively superficial improvement in the environment performance of industrial enterprise (e.g. Stead and Stead 1992; Shrivastava 1994, 1995; Welford 1995). Establishing â€Å"green teams† is an energetic approach for companies to motivate employees. This is becoming important as more associate demand companies cover up their impact on people. In time where inexperience professionals staff members wish to find more meaning in their work, giving the green way to employees to find something new in growing out waste, build enhance designs and finding new ability can pay hugeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Organizations Activities On The Environment1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe new generations of leaders are being taught the importance of corporate greening. 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There are a lot of discussions about who can really contribute to the emancipation of the environment and everyone seems to shrug off the responsibilityRead MoreComprehensive Health Data Breach Response Plan906 Words   |  4 PagesName Course Title Date Definition Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the ethical behaviour of a company towards society it operates in. It is a commitment to the concern to the society’s sustainability development. â€Å"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation.† (Johnson et al 2010) CRS in the eyes of some corporates may vary but the underlying principle remainsRead MoreCase Study : Investing Of Responsible Growth Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pageswater †¢ Reclaiming mined-out land systematically by laying topsoil and using this land for a forestation or agriculture †¢ Controlling emissions through dry scrubbing and electrostatic precipitators, and discharges through effluent treatment plants †¢ Greening of red mud waste ponds using a unique bio-treatment process, converting wastelands to green zones †¢ Promoting industrial reuse of wastes like spent pot lining, fly ash, spent caustic, waste phosphor-gypsum, slag etc †¢ Adopting environment-friendly

Speech On The Game Of Basketball - 1118 Words

Nick Schelbar Comm 2613 June 17, 2015 Informative Speech Outline Preparation I. General Purpose: To inform II. Specific Purpose: To inform the class on how to shoot a basketball. III. Central Idea: The game of basketball has greatly changed since it was invented, but one thing remains constant: You need to know how to shoot a basketball. Introduction I. Open with Impact: The game of basketball is a multimillion-dollar industry and is an easy sport to play. The sport has gained worldwide popularity because it can be played competitively or just for fun. II. Thesis: The original concept of the game is surprisingly similar to the concepts created decades ago. It is still a popular pastime today, but in order to play, you need to know how to shoot a basketball. III. Connecting to audience: I’m sure most of you have shot a basketball in your lifetime, but I’m sure few of you are aware of the basic mechanics to shooting a basketball. Today, I’ll show the basics of shooting. IV. Preview of Main Points: The sport of basketball has a rich tradition. First I will talk about the history of the game, then I will teach you how to shoot a basketball, and finally I will discuss the pros and cons about playing basketball V. Transition Statement: My first topic I am going to discuss is the history of the game of basketball. Body of Speech I. Main Point: The game of basketball was created as something for people to do in the winter with the time off between football season andShow MoreRelatedCareer : My Sports Career1094 Words   |  5 PagesMy sports career started before I was in kindergarten. My family and I were sitting at the dinner table. Excited, I asked my family if they could teach me how to play the game of football. Since they had agreed, I ate my food as quick as I could and put my shoes on to go outside. Then, the rest of my family came outside to our big front yard. 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Students are banned from making this chant, along with many others that the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association wrote, â€Å"are clearly intended to taunt or disrespect.† Correct me if I am wrong, but isn’t it my right to taunt the referees, players and coachesRead MoreThe One and The Only Jimmy Valvano Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages3rd 1993. The ESPY Awards are sponsored by ESPN each year for those recognized for their achievement in sports. Almost 21 years ago, â€Å"Jimmy V† as he was known gave his speech because he was not told to; rather, he gave his speech because he was qualified to influence a revolution. Jimmy Valvano was a prestigious collegiate basketball coach at North Carolina State University. It was at North Carolina State, where he led his Cinderella team to a national championship in 1983. Just nine years later inRead MoreWhat It Takes To Be Number One1386 Words   |  6 Pagesstaff. 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Google Just Announced A Massive Overhaul â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Google Just Announced A Massive Overhaul? Answer: Introduction Every organization has an internal structure that clearly defines the role and responsibilities of employees to achieve the strategic business goals. Organizational structureprovides a broad picture of the managerial levels and how different tasks are grouped, divided and coordinated to accomplish the designated business goals. Its important to have a defined layout of an organization structure to get an insight into what and how employees function across different levels of an organization. There have been numerous studied conducted to elaborate on the organizational structure. Herein, the paper would focus on Tata Motors, LG, Google, Apple, Starbucks, LA Gear and how its organizational structure to achieve the strategic management goals. The companies display varied number of dimensions such as work force, products/services, management style etc. There are six major factors namely work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of command, centralization/decentrali zation and formalization- defining the organizational framework. However, there are contingencies size, technology, strategy and environment- creating issues for the organization to achieve its predetermined business goals. This report would discuss the impact of these contingencies on the organizational structure of the companies to achieve the business goals. Organizational Structure Organizational structure defines how various roles and responsibilities are divided across multiple managerial levels to achieve the strategic business goals. There are various types and shapes of organizational structure to meet the needs and the wants of the end consumers. Herein the focus is on organizational structure of six different companies through six elementary building blocks. The six important elements laying down the foundation of an organization structure are as follows: Work Specialization: Work specialization could be defined as the degree to which overall task of an organization is divided into small components. These divided jobs are further worked upon to improve the cumulative output efficiency. These small tasks or works are repeated throughout the day for the workers to get fully trained. Since the work doesnt have difficult steps, workers can learn it easily and faster. This approach improves the output quality and controls cost in the production process (Thibodaux, 2012). This specialization requires workers to focus on the only designated task and ignoring all other tasks. An assembly line is a perfect example to show how each worker has specific task to perform in the production process. Tata Motors is a huge organization with various business units running parallel to derive the strategic objectives. Tata Motors is a USD 42 billion company with a vast product portfolio comprising of passenger cars, sports vehicles, buses, trucks and defence vehicles (www.tatamotors.com, n.d). Herein, the work specialization is high as the company churns out lakhs of passengers and commercial vehicles in a year. This heightened capacity could only be possible with high degree of work division to speed up the production capacity. There are many companies which exert excessive specialization. However, it creates problems with coordination between different teams and thus impacts the productivity (Daft and Marcic, 2010). As marketing competition grows, companies require skilled workers to meet the global challenges and meet their strategic goals. However, work specialization restricts the growth of the workers to a specific skill set only impacting the business goals. 1.1 History Work specialization is inspired from management concept, division of labour. It was during the `18th century, Scottish economist Adam Smith came out with the concept of division of labour and specialization (Thaker, 2008). He demonstrated how division of work between different workers in a pin factory produced more pins than delegating it all to one worker. Herein, specialization allows honing their skills in the designated tasks, thereby improving their individual proficiency. Hence the workers are likely to innovate more to improve their work. The same experiment was later repeated by Henry Ford in producing automobiles on an assembly line. He broke the entire manufacturing process into small parts where each part was performed by a separate individual. This experiment demonstrated that performance can be improved if work is divided and employees work in their specialized areas. The same principles have been adopted by Tata Motors to manufacture the number of cars per year. 1.2 Contingency factors Organizational structure provides a broad framework for companies to exert their authority and develop a communication blueprint. There are factors impacting the organizational structure of an organization. Lets discuss the organizational environment of Tata Motors with respect to four contingency factors: Size: Size of an organization is important to define the boundaries of an organization structure. Tata Motors is Indias leading automobile manufacturer with a workforce of touching 60,000 people. Founded in 1945, the company has managed to become the largest automobile manufacturer based on its revenue in 2016 (Thakkar, 2016). The larger the size of an organization, it becomes difficult to manage a delegate the roles and responsibilities across various levels of the management. Lately, Tata Motors had moved to a lean and agile structure from its previous 14 layers to only five to improve accountability amongst employees (Gopalan, 2017). This flat structure eliminates unnecessary middle layers and empowers the business units to become more accountable for their performance. the company has five grades, L1 to L5, with L1 being the top most level of management (Das, 2017). Thus, the employees would have to improve their work to stand accountable for their individual performance. Strategy: Strategy and structure go in sync with each other to achieve the end objectives. As a company changes its strategy, the organizational structure has to change to fit into the strategic needs. Given the changing consumer demand, Tata Motors is changing its strategy to improve the rate of production of new vehicles. SUV Hexa which is slated to launch next year has ushered in strategic changes in the companys organizational structure (Reuters, 2016). For instance, the company is mulling over the option to introduce two new modular platforms and remove six currently running platforms as part of its product strategy for the passenger car segment against the fierce competition from technology giants such asGoogleandUber (Kumar, 2017). It would require employees to be all the more proficient in their assigned job to deliver the deserving results and achieve these strategic moves. 1.2.3 Technology: Technology is a major contingency and impacts organizational structureand productivity by streamlining the internal communication and resource system. Technology could be in various forms such as knowledge, skills, machines, work procedures, resources etc. Tata Motors is eyeing new technologies to improve its lost market share. The automobile giant wants to introduce driver-assistance financial into its vehicles such as automated parking and collision avoidance (Peermohamed, 2016). The company is actively engaged to incorporate new technologies such as sensors, camera, and radar to enhance the value of its vehicles and match up to the global standards. It aims to launch two new vehicles every year (Chacko, 2015), and thus it calls for major changes in its organizational structure to facilitate such changes across various levels to achieve the intended objectives. 1.2.4 Corporate Environment: Environment has crucial role to influence the organizational structure. The stability and predictability of the environment could have direct impact on an organization to effectively operate its functions. Tata Motors has consolidated corporate environment to establish its core values and beliefs amongst the employees at all levels. In 2015-16, the companys market share slumped to 44% and 5.4 % in the commercial vehicles segment and passenger vehicles market respectively (Trefis Team, 2016). With restructuring plans in offing, the company eyes to pump more technologically sound vehicles in the market to grab a 50% market share and a double- digit market sharein the commercial vehicles and passenger vehicles market (Trefis Team, 2016). This level of planning requires the organization to make its organizational structure flexible to eliminate the unnecessary elements and bring more coherence across various management levels. Departmentalization Departmentalization allows division of business into strategic business units based on functions, geography, customer market, products or any other segregation criteria. As an organization grows in size, it is not feasible for one manager to supervise all the work. Thus, different departments are formed to effective divide the varied aspects of business in separate units. It basically groups different jobs into separate singular unit (Adeyoyin, 2015). Herein, LG electronics Inc would be discussed which has a centralized and hierarchical structure with four business units Home Appliance Air Solutions, Mobile Communications, Home Entertainment and Vehicle Components(www.lg.com, n.d.). The South Korean company has divided its core business into different departments with respective managerial setup to supervise all the business functions and operations. All the business operations, functions, processes and other important activities would happen under every strategic business unit to ensure that all the separate business units work independently. 2.1 History During the 20th century, Gulick and Urwick (1937) unveiled the concept of departmentalization by purpose and process. These were later labelled as functional and divisional organization (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2011). Over the years, complexity in business environment increased and it resulted in the introduction of many more divisions to simply the functions. The types of departmentalization are as follows: Functional departmentalization Herein, the important functions of the organization are divided into different sections for systematic activities. LG electronics has been divided into separate departments managing the primary activities such as production, finance, marketing, HR, RD and many more to boost the production. All the departments have their respective goals to achieve to help the organization attain its strategic goals. Product departmentalization: This depicts the division of business into number of distinct products manufactured. LG electronics has four main divisions namely home appliances Air Solution, Mobile Communication, Home Entertainment and Vehicle Components. The business units have different targets to accomplish. For instance, the company aims to increase the production capacity at its battery factory for Chevy Volt, Bolt EV, and Chrysler Pacifica to 3GWh (Lambert, 2017). Likewise, it has been increasing production capacity steadily to meet the rising market demand. Geographical departmentalization: This depicts the division of business into different geographic zones where the organization operates. In this organization structure, employees working in a specific geographic area or region report to one manager (DuBrin, n.d.). LG electronics has divided into business into different parts of the world such as Europe, North America, South America, Korea, PR China, Asia and ROW. Process departmentalization: This provides division of business in terms of different internal processes requisite to stimulate production to achieve strategic objectives. LG electronics has various processes depending on the product and its internal mechanization. Customer departmentalization: This depicts the division of business in terms of the types of consumers for its products. It requires clear identification of the specific needs and the wants of the consumers to form the basis of departmentalization. LG electronics has a wide range of consumers to cater to depending on the product divisions. For instance, the company will have independent managers for different products such as washing machine, fridge, smartphones etc. There are contingency factors shaping the organizational structure of LG electronics. The four common factors are explained as follows: Size: LG electronics has nearly 75,000 employees working across 118 locations around the world. The company has adopted a hierarchical organizational structure wherein except the CEO at the top management level, every employee has a supervising authority. The company has a broad product portfolio comprising of mobile handsets, air conditioners, flat panel TVs, washing machines DVD players and many more. Given the large size of the company, the organizational structure has been stretched to multiple layers of management. Since the company has global plans, it has tall structure to manage all the complexities. However, it does impact the effective decision making across various management levels. Technology: Companies use advanced technology in the form of software, information systems, or other specialized IT solutions to effective run business operations. It potentially reduces the time invested in completing business processes or jobs. Over years, LG electronics has been making sound progress in the field of technology to achieve its strategic goals. LG has been making plans to incorporating internet-of-things capabilities to its products to match the latest trends (Jung-a, 2017). The South Korean giant has opened new research centres to create and develop competitive technologies to exploit the potential of artificial intelligence and robotics (Jung-a, 2017). This would increase the capacity of the company to facilitate technology for improving the internal operations and communication across the management levels of the organizational structure. Corporate Environment: LG electronics has made a consolidated market position with its corporate environment encouraging growth and development. Despite of all the divisions, there should be standard values and beliefs for all the employees to embrace to render their services and increase profitability. LG encourages employees to spend couple of days every year in cultural training centres to get accustomed to the corporate values (Barry, 2000). They believe in creating transparent communication with the employees. Notwithstanding the job role, all the employees were made to participate in an innovative programme to discuss about the companys significant matters such as performance, working conditions etc (Barry, 2000). Since the departmentalization is on higher side, the corporate values are hard wired in all the initiatives. Strategy: LG has renewed interest in increasing the cost of premium TVs and other appliances to stimulate profitability and instigate strategic excellence (Lee, 2016). Given the global market competitiveness, the company is eyeing to focus on products and cost to gain competitive advantage. For instance, the company plans to come out with highly advanced products such as OLED TVs (LG Electronics USA, 2015). The company is focused to explore the potential of its wide range of value added products to improve growth opportunities around the world. Chain of command Chain of command depicts the hierarchy of reporting equation across management levels in an organization. It defines how power and authority is delegated to employees from top to the bottom level of the management in an organization. The chain of command is an effective tool for companies to maintain discipline and order whilst assigning accountability across the levels of management (Emisor, 2011). In the same vein, employees are supposed to own the responsibility of the job assigned by their supervisors. Thus, in most of the organizational structures, the line of command flows from top to bottom and line of accountability goes from bottom to top level of the management. If we refer to a standard chain of command, the President or the CEO is at the top of the hierarchy and immediate to him or her is the second line of reporting of the organizational hierarchy structure. The employees across the third line of organizational hierarchy structure reports to the previous one so on so for th. As the chain of command goes down, the power to take strategic decisions reduces but accountability increases. Herein, the organizational structure of Starbucks Coffee Company would be discussed to understand its chain of command. It has matrix organizational structure with a clear chain of command to establish proper accountability and responsibility (Meyer, 2017). With centralized decision-making, the authority of the managers flows sideways and of functional managers from top to bottom of the management to fulfil business needs. The company adopted a new organizational structure with three geographic regions, each headed by a president. The three regions are China and Asia Pacific, Americas (US, Mexico, Canada and Latin America) and EMEA (Europe, UK, Middle East, Russia and Africa) (Lindsay, 2012). The company product portfolio comprises of coffee, tea and many other types of beverages and food products (Annual Report, 2016). The matrix structure is complex wherein each employee has more than one supervisor to report and has multiple layers of authority. Whilst it may look complicated on s urface, it caters to dynamic market demand. 3.1 History Henri Fayol introduced the concept of unity of command (CMI, 2012) which states that a clear chain of command improves the decision-making process and hence the productivity of an organization. This hierarchical method for organizing information flow, decision making, power, and authority, assumes that each level of the organization is subordinate to the level to which it reports. He was of the view that once the command was opposed and authority is challenged, the discipline order across all the levels gets disturbed. The same principle was later supported by Gulick and Urwick who stated that administrative departments in the government offices are supervised by single authority (Marume and Jubenkanda, 2016). As organizations have expanded with the changing business environment, the chain of command has been stretching across multiple levels of management. There are factors governing the shape and design of an organization. The four common factors are as follows: Size: Starbucks is one of the largest coffee chains in the world. The company has tall matrix structure to support its varied products and brands Tata Motors is a large size organization with distinct business units. The company has over 3,00,000 employees with nearly 25, 734 stores expanded in 75 countries (news.starbucks.com, n.d.). This compels the organization to embrace a matrix like organizational structure which could meet the varying market demands. Herein, in most of the cases, every single employee would have two or more than two reporting relationship with product manager and functional manager. Strategy: Starbucks has been on the spree to expand its markets to different parts of the world. The company has introduced a wide range of coffee and many other foot products to meet changing market demands. It is in the same vein that the company is mulling over intensive plans to expand its footprint in Asian market (Trefis Team, 2016). Given its massive plans, it becomes essential that the company adopts a hybrid organizational structure to expand in markets whilst improving customers coffee experience to meet its strategic aspirations. The company has set a strategic goal to increase the number of stores by 12, 000 to touch the mark of 37,000 by 2021 (news.starbucks.com, 2016). Matrix structure allows the company to leverage its resources to improve communication across the management levels. Technology: Starbucks has embraced latest technology solutions to improve its business processes and customer experience across its coffee stores. Soper (2017) has confirmed heavy investment in digital innovation to improve customers ordering processes, effective integration with existing operating systems, reward system and many more. The robust digital infrastructure ensures enhanced customer coffee experience with the company. For instance, the company has come out with a voice ordering app on its iPhone app and Amazons Alexa to reduce the long waiting time in queues outside the stores (Lashinsky, 2017).This improves the business processes and hence engages the customers with the company. Environment: Starbucks corporate environment is integral part of organizational structure. It sets the tone of the entire working culture and helps employees drive business goals. The company instigates positive working environment for the employees to forge strong relationship with each other. Whilst Starbucks stores have warm and welcoming ambiance, the employees are trained to make the customers feel comfortable and develop trust on the company. The company promotes diversity and inclusivity to become a valued place for their customers and employees alike (Leinwand and Davidson, 2016). This helps the company effectively run through the matrix organizational structure as employees bond well with their colleagues and managers. The employees and managers are encouraged to fix the percolating flaws in the corporate environment and encourage positive behaviour for organizational success. Span of control It defines the number of employees under a supervisor. It has potential impact on the work flow and communication across the organizational level. However, the number is not constant for every organization. Span of control has significant role in an organizational setup and influences the organizational structure and by extension the mutual interaction between supervisors and subordinates across various levels of the management (Bandiera et al, 2012). For a narrow span of control, a single manager would have few subordinates, resulting in a tall organizational structure. On the other hand, a wide span of control asserts on the competency of a manager to control a large number of subordinates, thereby resulting in flat organizational structure. Narrow span of control involves large number of managers which could instigate communication issues owing to multiple levels of management unlike wide span of control which dithers away many internal issues within management levels. Google is a search giant with a huge workforce and footprint across the world. The success of the company largely depends on the corporate culture and corporate structure which promotes innovation and excellence in whatever the company does. The span of control for the company has been shot to 10, thereby making the organizational structure flat (Gupta, 2016). It means a single manager would have to control 10 employees at a time. It will increase the work load on managers but reduces the need of middle layer of management and improves communication. However, as the product portfolio widens, the company had to become hierarchical to accommodate all the employee functions. So, the organizational structure stands as a matrix with an optimum level of flatness to eliminate the need of middle level management. The companys organizational structure comprises of three aspects namely function-based, product-based and flat. It may appear complex in the first look, it has played crucial role i n the success and growth of the company. Span of control defines the nature of relations between the leaders and the subordinates. The concept of span of control was introduced by a British general Sir Ian Hamilton in 1922 . Given his experience in British military, he postulated that span of control should be between three and six (Rogers, 1972). This figure sets an ideal limit for other organizations to follow and adopt in their internet set up for improves business results. The issues in the same were later delved by a French management consultant A.V. Graicumas in 1933 wherein he emphasized on the issues emerged due to the relation between the leader and different groups of the subordinates and the relation amongst the subordinates (Rogers, 1972). Later, Urwick (1964) corroborated the concept to a statement according to which no supervisor can control more than five or six subordinates. This concept has raised many issues and has been ignored by academicians, yet managers focus on it to define the relationships between employees across the management levels. The four factors influencing the organizational structure and design are as follows: Size: Google is a huge IT company with over 72,000 employees across the world. As the organization has introduced many products, it had to continuously increase the employee strength for effective management. The company has created a new parent company Alphabet with Larry Page as the CEO whilst Sundar Pichai heads Google (Yarow, 2015). The large size of the company calls for matrix like structure. However, its recent decision to increase span of control has introduced flatness in the tonality. Thus, the existing organizational structure is a mixture of matrix structure with a touch of flatness. Technology: Latest communication technologies and tools improve business efficiency and streamline the communication across management levels. The integration of technologies eliminates many jobs and reduce the management levels, thereby improving the communication between managers and subordinates (Farhanghi, 2013). With the inclusion of advanced technologies, Google potentially improves the flow of communication across different departments and henceforth improves business efficiency. For instance, G Suite is a cloud-based platform that allows a wide variety of mobile apps to effective collaboration and communication amongst the employees (Zarate, n.d.). Such web technologies reduce the gap between managers and subordinates to facilitate effective communication. Strategy: Strategies are integral to influence organizational structure and design. All the basic elements across the organizational structure are changed in order to meet the strategic objectives. For instance, Google had to undergo restructuring once it created new parent company Alphabet (Hern, 2015). There is lot of reshuffling being done to adjust with the dramatic changes. Environment: Corporate environment is essential part of an organization to being coherence in the organizational structure. Google encourages open and honest communication which makes it a desirable organization in the world (Blackiston, 2017). Employees are trained to instigate corporate values and beliefs that support organizational and their professional growth. They provide ample opportunities for employees to open their mind and give suggestions for strategic victory. It results in developing positive relationship between the managers and employees to meet organizational challenges within the corporate structure. Centralization/decentralization Decision making has been a constant function for organizations. Generally, the decision-making authority resides at the top of the management level or it is delegated across low level of management. Organizational structures are important to define if employees at different levels of management have or not have the power to take decisions (Heide, Johansson and Simonsson, 2005). A managerial hierarchy and in extension the organizational structure is governed by the organizational environment and nature of the industry (Alonso, Dessein and Matouschek, 2008). As decision making is integral to sort out business issues and combat challenges, it is important to have a clear understanding of the power and control equation across the managerial hierarchy. This is where centralization and decentralization comes into the main frame. Kates and Galbraith (2007) has elaborated on the perennial discussions around the difference between centralization and decentralization whilst defining organizati onal design. Centralization and decentralization define the delegation of the authority amongst employees across the hierarchy of an organization. A centralized system has decision making authority reserved at the top level with the lower levels restricted to mere execution of the strategic decisions (Siggelkow and Levinthal, 2003). Herein, the top CEO or President makes all the strategic decisions whilst delegating the subordinates to take the deserving action. On the contrary, decentralization promotes delegation of authority to the lower levels of the management and hence the decision-making power spreads across the managerial hierarchy. Apple is worlds leading technological company with more than 1,00,000 employees. It is a perfect example of centralized decision making as the power is in the hands of the CEO Tim Cook. Given its broad product portfolio including the likes of iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac and huge capital investment, the company requires centralized decision-making structure. The CEO has eleven executives of departments under him to wield control and manage (Apple, Inc., 2012). They have kept the organizational structure sorted out to keep the momentum going for the IT giant. All the top executives are responsible for their respective departments without sharing any cross connection with others. Bajarin (2011) confirmed that the company engages in centralized decision-making. Both the CEO and board of directors collaborate to take the decisions to be followed by employees down the managerial levels of the company (Lashinsky, 2011). It ensures that the top level management gets a clear picture about the ent ire organization and can potentially develops effective business strategies. The concept of centralization of authority came into picture in the Qin Dynasty of China in 221BCE wherein the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang practiced feudalism to exert control over many territories (Chiu, 2017). There were many hierarchies with the central control in the hands of the Emperor while the lower hierarchies conformed to the rigid centralized and bureaucratic rule. Though the Qin Dynasty survived for like 15 years and succumbed to its closure after the death of the king, the impact Qin Shi Huang created was hard to ignore with his principles reflected in businesses in the current century. This autocratic system allows quick decision making with the onus completely on the shoulders of the monarch. However, with the demise of the king, new rules and practices were set in to run the government and military organization. As market competition grows in industries, there is high relevance for making decisions to meet the needs of the end consumers (Karlf, 2012). Thus, there should be delegation of authority to the lower levels to improve the efficiency of the internal communication across the hierarchy of the management. There are factors creating influencing organizational design and structure. The four factors are as follows: Size: Apple is a huge organization with a market cap of $800 billion (Balakrishnan, 2017) and workforce nearing 11, 6000. The launch of iPhone 8 helped the company soar high in the market, and it is expected that it may soon join the trillion club. The company has many products in software and hardware industry. Given its growing boundaries, the company has hierarchical structure with centralized decision-making giving the full control at the top management. Though it will exert more working pressure at the top most managerial level, it gives a clear and transparent job responsibilities to the employees. The organizational structure is rigid and provides less flexibility to turn the line of authority and responsibility. Technology: Apple is a technologically sound company with a large consortium of advanced hardware and software solutions to improve customer services as well as internal business operations. Given its huge leaps made in continuous innovation, the company has created a niche for itself in the global marketspace. The technologies are sound enough to integrate communication across the organizational structure. It helps in improving the relationship between the managers and employees across the hierarchical structure. Strategy: Apple continue to come out with new strategies to meet the dynamic needs of consumers. As the companys product portfolio expanded, the company has to change the product strategies to change the hierarchy to achieve the intended business objectives. However, the companys internal structure is rigid, thereby discouraging too much of flexibility. Nevertheless, the company encourages clear line of authority and responsibility to manage its product portfolio. Environment: Apples corporate environment encourages employees to make continuous efforts to innovate and improve the value of products and services for better market results. The company believes in maintaining secrecy in all of its business ventures to keep the confidential development under wrap (England, 2015). This is precisely one of the prominent reasons that Apples loyal consumers wait with baited breath about the latest offering. The company believes in collaboration amongst the working groups to innovate like never before (Corpas, 2009). Whilst the employees are given free hand to work, they have strong corporate values in line to encourage innovation. Formalization Formalization sets the tone of the working environment of an organization. It is defined in terms of written rules, regulations, employee policies, and job duties of an organization (Price and Mueller, 1986). Formalization defines the nature of working bond between managers and employees to attain common business goals. It is the degree or extent to which employees abide by the rules and regulations imposed by the leadership (Chen, 2013). Most of the business leaders forge clear rules for each and every employee to follow so as to make them part of the strategic goals. If the rules are loosely formed, then indiscipline is likely to cause diversion from the business goals. However, if all the working procedures are well defined, then employees would be engaged in the process of achieving strategic goals. Small companies or startups with informal structure depict low level of formalization as formulation and documentation of such processes is not a priority. Extremely low degree of formalization could result in confusion, poor performance and could result in indiscipline setting in the corporate environment. Sivadas and Dwyer (2000) stated that companies with low formalization are likely to witness ineffectively defined job behavior and employees have liberty to astray from their expected behaviour for the job assigned. On the other hand, large companies with a more organized structure are bound to have proper well laid down working processes and structures. However, formalization in such companies is way too high with multiple layers of communication and decision-making procedures. For instance, many public and old companies have high formalization for employees to follow strict norms. Thus, the formalization should be optimized for organizations to strike a balance between the business-law and working capital. However, another factor influencing the quantum of formalization is the response of the companies towards these activities. For instance, many large companies have bulk of office manuals and rule books to formalize the internal processes whereas many new companies keep it flexible for the employees. It can get tiresome for employees to grasp the tonality of the formalization and then adhere to the same to achieve the organizational objectives. However, formalization brings clarity in job rol es and functioning, thereby improving the relation between managers and the employees across the hierarchy. LA Gear is a US-based lifestyle company which deals in shoes for men, women and kids. The company was created in 1979 and over the years, it has expanded to different consumer markets to explore the growth opportunities. It has adopted slow business growth strategy whilst introducing shoes in different consumer markets. The company has hierarchical organizational structure with product departmentalization. With a workforce of merely 314 employees (Bloomberg, 2017), the company doesnt have tall organizational structure. It has average number of management layers with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for the employees. With product departmentalization, the company aims to organize the business into different strategic units. It displays average level of formalization to make the organizational structure less rigid and constrained. There are factors impacting organizational structure of LA Gear. The four factors are explained below: Size: LA Gear is a mid-level organization with a workforce of more than 300 employees. Found in 1978, the company has slowly expanded to achieve product diversification. Given the average employee size and the market competition, the company has gone with the conventional product-based hierarchical structure. It helps the company project a sorted look across the multiple managerial levels of the organization. Technology: Technology has been leading the battle for the companies to improve the communication between the employees. It influences the way employees behave and render their services across the organizational structure to achieve the business goals. LA Gear has been late in adopting the advanced tools of communication. It is slowly developing IT infrastructure to improve its business operations and other customer processes. The inclusion of softwares and other IT solutions could potentially improve the relationship between the management and the employees. Strategy: LA Gear has adopted business growth strategies to expand to varied consumer markets. It was once making shoes only for women and teen girls and gradually entered into sports and men market (Barringer and Ireland, 2008). Though the company has had seen a rough patch due to poor strategies, it remained focused on market expansion in other consumer segments. This called for basic hierarchical organizational structure to run business functions. Environment: Corporate environment represents the work ethics and values inculcated by the leadership of the management. If managers and employees are trained in same set of principles and moral values, they are likely to collectively work to meet business goals (Lefifi, 2015). It improves the relationship between the leadership and employees, thereby encouraging them to work towards organizations profitability. La Gear is an old organization with traditional approach to manage the business operations. It has ingrained strong work ethics and values for the employees to continue work in the direction of increasing its product portfolio to increase profitability. The roles and responsibilities of the employees are well defined as guided by their supervisors. Conclusion Organizational structure and design are integral part to define the roles and responsibilities of employee across the different managerial hierarchies. There are six essential elements completing organizational structure. There are companies with varying organizational structure depending on their employee size, market size and business nature. Companies such as Tata Motors, Starbucks, LG, Google, and Apple have demonstrated different organizational structure to meet their strategic objectives. For instance, Tata Motors has flat organizational structure whilst LG has hierarchical structure depending on their business needs and wants. However, there are four common contingency factors influencing the shape and design of organizational structure. The factors define their role in modifying the type of organizational structure so as to meet the intended business objectives. All these elements are integral to define the influence of organizational structure on the business objectives. References Adeyoyin, S.O., Agbeze-Unazi, F., Oyewunmi, O.O., Adegun, A.I. and Ayodele, R.O., 2015. Effects of Job Specialization and Departmentalization on Job Satisfaction among the Staff of a Nigerian University Library. Alonso, R., Dessein, W., and Matouschek, N. 2008. When Does Coordination Require Centralization? American Economic Review, 98(1), pp 145-179. Apple, Inc. 2012. www.apple.com Bajarin, T. 2011. Apples Strategic Advantage. PCMag. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380962,00.asp Balakrishnan, A. 2017. Apple market cap tops $800 billion for the first time. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/08/apple-market-capitalization-hits-800-billion.html Bandiera, O., Prat, A., Sadun, R., and Wulf, J. 2012.Span of Control or Span of Activity?. working paper. Barooah, S. 2017. Tata Motors realigns people strategy to be leaner and stronger. 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What Other Companies Can Learn From Starbucks New Voice-Ordering Apps. Retrieved fromhttps://fortune.com/2017/01/31/data-sheet-starbucks-artificial-intelligence/ Lashinsky, A. 2011. From Steve Jobs down to the janitor: How Americas most Successful and most secretive- big company really operates. CNNMoney. https://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the-worlds-biggeststartup/. Lee, Min-Jeong. 2016. LG Electronics Forecasts Strong Results From Strategy Shift. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/lg-electronics-forecasts-strong-results-from-strategy-shift-1460374584 Lefifi, K. 2015. The relationship between Organizational Culture, Structure and Performance. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/relationship-between-organizational-culture-structure-kabelo Leinwand, P. and Davidson, V. 2016. How Starbuckss Culture Brings Its Strategy to Life. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/12/how-starbuckss-culture-brings-its-strategy-to-life LG Electronics USA. 2015. 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ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA. Siggelkow, N., and Levinthal, D.A. 2003 Temporarily Divide to Conquer: Centralized, Decentralized, and Reintegrated Organizational Approaches to Exploration and Adaptation. Organization Science. 14(6),pp 650-669 Soper, T. 2017. Starbucks is a tech company: Why the coffee giant is investing heavily in digital innovation. Retrieved from https://www.geekwire.com/2017/starbucks-tech-company-coffee-giant-investing-heavily-digital-innovation/ 2016, December 7. Starbucks Presents its five-year plan for strong global growth [ Press Release]. Retrieved from https://news.starbucks.com/news/investor-day-2016-press-releas Starbucks. n.d. Retrieved from https://news.starbucks.com Tata Motors. 2017. Tata Motors and Microsoft India collaborate to redefine the connected experience for automobile users. 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Jane Eyre - Violence Essays - English-language Films, British Films

Jane Eyre - Violence Jane Eyre - Violence Discuss Charlotte Bront's use of violence, in the text Jane Eyre, that captures the reader's attention in relation to scenes, settings and characterisations? The author of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront, uses depictions of mental, physical and natural violence throughout the text to interest the reader and create springboards towards more emotional and dramatic parts of the novel. By doing this, Bront not only uses violence to capture the reader's attention, but also leads the reader on an interesting journey throughout the book. This violence is raised through three particular things that include the following. Scenes, such as the burning down of Mr. Rochester's house by Bertha and the fight between Jane and her cousin John. Settings that include the Red Room in which Jane Eyre is locked in as a child and the Attic in which Bertha Mason is locked. Also Characterisations of Bertha, Mrs. Reed and to some extent Jane herself shed light on the use of violence. Charlotte Bront uses violence throughout the book to keep the reader interested and at the same time creating a springboard for emotional and dramatical scenes. The first instance of this occurs when Jane is very young and she quarrels physically and verbally with her cousin John. This leads to Jane being locked up in the Red Room, which her uncle died in, and her transfer to Lowood, which is an institution for orphaned children. Here Bront characterised violence through John by him attacking Jane, and Mrs. Reed by her locking Jane up in the Red Room. The room being red is also significant in the use of violence, as not only has someone died in it, but also the colour red is usually associated with violence and anger. John's violent dominance towards Jane, (pg. 17, Chapter 1, Volume 1), and Mrs. Reed locking her up in a room, (pg. 18, Chapter 1, Volume 1), thus causing her to faint through fear, is indeed a means of interesting readers. Through this violence, Jane then proceeds to Lowood. At Lowood she wins the friendship of everyone there, but her life is difficult because conditions are poor at the school. Dominated by Mr. Brocklehurst, Jane feels intimidated and the text begins to lose its violent nature, including its interest. Jane begins to make friends and the reader believes that there is no more violence throughout the book. All up until typhus kills many of the students. Here the violence of nature kills Jane's best friend at the school, Helen Burns, (pg. 96, Chapter 9, Volume 1),. Bront used this scene to make Jane stronger in the book, which is appropriate, as mentally strong people cope with violence in a more rational way. This opens a gateway into more dramatic scenes and Jane's acknowledgement of death and violence. As Jane grows up and passes the age of eighteen, she advertises herself as a governess and is hired to a place called Thornfield. It is here that the real violence of the story begins and the reader is entranced with scenes that use suspense to ensure the reader's enjoyment of the book. Obviously Bront knew that a thriller (violence that is not fully revealed till the latter part of the book) is a significant way to keep readers interested. So she writes a scene where someone (Mr. Mason) is mysteriously stabbed (pg. 236, Chapter 5, Volume 2), and doesn't enlighten the reader on who did it but does hint that someone else (Mr. Rochester) knows. There is no way of knowing why this happened, who does it, or if Mr. Mason is going to live or die. That is why Charlotte Bront used violence to create this kind of suspense. So a person would be interested enough in the novel to keep reading. The mystery is a mystery itself, there is a secret at Thornfield and Jane can sense this. Then there is the mystery of the person who committed this act of violence. Jane suspects who it might be, but she is not for sure. To find out the mystery of the house and the person who did it is a wise way to capture a reader's attention. As the story unfolds, the reader finds out about a lady named Bertha, who is Rochester's original wife, and a character that strives on violent acts. This is the part of the book that exclaims that every character has violence, and if read carefully how very close Jane is to Bertha. Jane describes Bertha as a ghost or a vampire after the wedding veil is torn (pg.

Use Google Translate for Teaching English

Use Google Translate for Teaching English Imagine this: You are teaching English to a group of Spanish speakers, but you dont speak Spanish. The group is having difficulty understanding the present perfect tense. What can you do? Well, traditionally most of us have done our best to explain things in simple English and provide numerous examples. Theres nothing wrong with this approach. However, as many Spanish-speaking English teachers probably know, it can be helpful to quickly explain the concept in Spanish. Then the lesson can turn back to English. Instead of spending fifteen minutes trying to explain the present perfect in English, a one-minute explanation has done the trick. Still, if you dont speak Spanish - or any other language that your students speak - whats a teacher to do? Enter Google Translate. Google Translate offers the most powerful, free online translation tools available. This English teaching article focuses on using Google Translate to help out in difficult situations, as well as provide ideas on how to u se Google Translate in class in lesson plans. What does Google Translate Offer? Google Translate offers four main tool areas: TranslationTranslated SearchTranslator ToolkitTools and Resources In this article, Ill discuss how to use the first two: ​Google Translate - Translation, and Google Translate - Translated Search in class. Google Translate: Translation This is the most traditional tool. Enter text or any URL and Google Translate will provide a translation from English to your target language. Google Translate provides translation in 52 languages, so youll probably find what you need. Google Translate translations are not perfect, but they are getting better all the time (more about this later). Ways to Use Google Translate - Translation in Class Have students write short texts in English, and translate them into their original language. Using Google Translate for translation can help students catch grammatical errors by spotting these errors in the translations.Use authentic resources, but provide the URL and have students translate the original into their target language. This will help out when it comes to difficult vocabulary. Make sure that students use Google Translate only after they have first read the article in English.For beginners, ask students to first write short texts in their mother tongue. Have them translate into English and ask them to tweak the translation.Provide your own short text and let Google Translate into the class target language(s). Ask students to read the translation and then try to come up with the English original text.If all else fails, use Google Translate as a bilingual dictionary. Translated Search Google Translate also provides a translated search function. This tool is extremely powerful for finding accompanying content to help students take advantage of authentic materials in English. Google Translate provides this translated search as a way to find pages written in another language that focus on the search term you provided in English. In other words, if were working on business presentation styles, using Google Translate translated search I can provide some background materials in Spanish or any other language. Translated Search in Class When stuck on a grammar point, search on the grammar term to provide explanations in learners mother tongue(s).Use as a means to provide the context in learners mother tongue(s). This is especially useful if students arent familiar with the topic area. They can become familiar with some of the ideas in their own language as well as in English to help strengthen the learning experience.Use translated search to find pages on a particular topic. Cut and paste a few paragraphs out, have students then translate the text into English.Google Translate translated search is fantastic for group projects. Often youll find students dont have ideas, or are not sure where to begin. Sometimes, this is due to the fact that they arent too familiar with the subject in English. Let them use translated search to get them started.

4 key steps to starting a business - according to financial experts

4 key steps to starting a business - according to financial experts Attention entrepreneurs: Are you eager to kickstart your own business? Of course, the notion of being your own boss and taking your idea, nurturing it with some hard work and ingenuity, and grabbing hold of a little luck in order to turn it into a successful venture is an exciting prospect- and you may be itching to just throw caution to the wind and run with it as quickly as possible. That said, it may be in your best interest to slow things down a bit, temper your excitement with a little caution, and take some more cautious steps forward. After all, the business world is full of people who started off with grand plans for their new businesses but had their entrepreneurial visions knocked out of orbit by harsh reality, failed executions, and poorly-devised and ill-timed decisions.According to a recent article by Investopedia, â€Å"The Small Business Association states that only 30% of new businesses fail during the first two years of being open, 50% during the first five years an d 66% during the first 10. The SBA goes on to state that only 25% make it to 15 years or more. However, not all of these businesses need to fail. With the right planning, funding and flexibility, businesses have a better chance of succeeding.†So, perhaps the first question you should consider asking yourself when planning to start a new business is if you want to be on the winning or losing side of these percentages. Sure, that may not be a difficult one to answer, but whether or not you’re willing to do the requisite amount of careful planning when you’re at the critical initial stages of getting your business off the ground may a bit more tricky. If you’re looking to stack the odds in your favor, then consider the following strategies on how to start a small business, according to financial experts who’ve seen it all and know the most common mistakes and pitfalls to avoid.Define your valueYou may have nothing but the best intentions for wanting to start your own business, but are you sure it’s one that’s poised to generate value (think revenue)? Sure, money isn’t everything, but it is an essential component to making your business take off and be sustainable, so make sure that your venture is one that has a reasonable chance of returning on your investment of blood, sweat, tears, and start-up capital.Back up your hopes with analytics that project a clear and realistic trajectory into the black at some point in time. Also be sure to define how your business idea and brand stand out from the competition, disrupt your industry, and contribute substantively to the world- because if they don’t, then what’s the point?Plan (and plan some more)Enthusiasm is a great thing to have when starting a new venture, but it will rarely sustain a business past initial takeoff. Get grounded and make sure you plan- both for the immediate future and for what lies ahead. Temper your entrepreneurial excitement wit h a solid business plan that legitimizes your goals with demonstrably achievable milestones. (If you’re going to court startup capital from outside sources, this is an absolute must.)Also, take the time to do some long-range projections for your business (try one- and five-year plans to start); these can always be revised as your business idea grows and evolves, but they will be a huge help in determining whether you’re on track for success or a collision course with failure.Get helpNo person is an island, and your business shouldn’t be one either. Savvy entrepreneurs know to leverage their networks to take full advantage of the knowledge, talent, and experience of people in their orbits in an effort to make their business ideas. Regardless of your industry, running a business takes a wide and varied set of skills, and unless you’re an indomitable entrepreneurial wizard and jack-of-all-trades, do yourself a favor and rely on the expertise of others to ben efit your new venture. Don’t be afraid to pay for some outside advice and guidance if need be- consider it a sound investment.Learn from mistakesThe truth is, almost no one gets everything exactly right when starting a business. But often, the difference between a successful business and a flop is an entrepreneur who learns from their mistakes. You can either self-assess regularly, take note of what went wrong, and make a swift course correction†¦ or sit back, avoid self-assessment, and remain doomed to keep repeating failures. Consider the missteps that happen along the way as valuable learning moments, and use them to your advantage as you trudge forward.

Journal Articles Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Journal Articles Summaries - Essay Example rise, as Latin America had utilized the forces of globalization a lot better than the remaining parts of the United States of America before the 1920s. In the decade of 1930, however, the Latin American policies started to edge away from globalization and it was a very critical time period in Latin American history. This article outlines the problems and their possible explanations which are found not from the increase in output from protection as visualized generally, but in the needs of profits, coming up with strategies to respond to the tariffs of their trading partners, and the call for reimbursing those participants of globalization who did not succeed (Coatsworth, John H, and G W. Jeffrey). The article, ‘Always Protectionist? Latin American Tariffs from Independence to Great Depression’ is written by John H. Coatsworth and Jeffrey G. Williamson and is a part of the Latin American Studies compiled and published by Cambridge University Press. The article starts off by exposing the fact that a majority of people do not in a good way, except some groups in Latin America including historians of economics. That fact is, import and export taxes and tolls were much, much higher in Latin America than any other part from the 1860s to 1914, when the First World War ensued. The decades leading to the First World War, also known as the first globalization boom or belle à ©poque of Latin America, were the years in which the tariffs in Latin America kept increasing. Knowledge of this fact gives rise to an economical as well as political question: What caused the taxes to be so high BEFORE the Great Depression and not AFTER it? It is a known fact that he high taxes are the cause of a misshaped local economy and it stunts the economy’s growth with respect to performance as well. But why the tariffs were so high was the real question. Latin America was believed to have made the most of pre World War One belle à ©poque and was way ahead of others in the process of

Security Fraud and Manipulations Using Accounting Policies and Rules Dissertation

Security Fraud and Manipulations Using Accounting Policies and Rules - Dissertation Example More importantly, a wide variety of security fraud and malpractice of accounting policies are employed in the preparation of the financial report accounting of Enron, Madoff scheme, and WorldCom Corporation that lead into their bankruptcy. Nonetheless, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) seeks to deter fraud in financial statements of companies through laws, internal control systems and regulations. More significantly, the commission continuously seeks to detect misstatements, failure of disclosure of accurate financial information in records, documentation, accounting policies and procedures in changes of equity and explanatory notes accompanying every financial period statement of companies. In addition, this paper will look at the adherence to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as stipulated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) remains committed towards global standards. Finally, the pap er looks at various fraudulent situations that could be avoided through adherence to stipulated accounting policies and procedures by management, accountants and auditors as they put shareholders interest first. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, xxx, for his invaluable support. As an area of accounting and auditing practise, I hope you find this paper insightful in the minimization of security fraud and manipulation practices. Tables of Contents 1. Introduction 6 2. Literature Review 7 3. Research Methodology 16 4. Discussion of Findings 18 4.1.0 Nature and treatment Of Security Fraud &manipulation through fraudulent use Of accounting policies and rules 18 4.2.0 Security Fraud and Manipulation in Madoff scheme, Enron & Worldcom Corporation 23 4.3.0 Security Fraud and Manipulation Problems in Madoff Scheme, Enron and Worldcom Corporation 27 4.4.0 Comprehensive Analysis of Parties involved in the carrying out of Security Fraud an d Manipulation 33 4.5.0 Regulation of Security Fraud and Manipulation in Madoff scheme, Enron and WorldCom Corporation 39 5. Conclusions 43 6. Appendix 45 6. References 47 CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION More than often, fraudulent financial information given in companies financial statement typically takes the form of material misstatements done intentionally by making either the annually or quarterly financial statements fluctuated. In most cases, auditors acknowledge that financial statements are intentionally misstated such that the information provided remains not only misleading, but also inaccurate, such that the presentation of financial reports does not follow the generally accepted accounting practises (GAAP), international auditing standards (IAS) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS). More so, such security fraud and manipulation through the use of fraudulent accounting policies and rules in international corporations like Madoff scheme, WorldCom and Enron led to a huge loss as a result of fraud upon

Standardized Testing Essay Example for Free

Standardized Testing Essay Standardized testing is seen as the answering to improving public education in the United States. Students face district- and state- mandated tests as well as national ones. However, standardized testing is not the answer to improving education. Teaching skills and learning environments both are effective ways to improve education. Tests are only used to evaluate how well a teacher is doing, therefore students shouldn’t have to take them. â€Å"Giving answers under pressure without help or guidance, knowing no second chance will be given to pass is stressful (Mori, 139). Kids in today’s generation are expected to understand so much more than they need to. According to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2002 the United States dropped from 18th in the world of math on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to 31st in 2009. A similar decrease was made in the science category but no change was made in the reading assessment. Also research has been done by the National Research Council to prove that standardized testing doesn’t help the education. Standardized testing has also been claimed to be an unreliable source when it comes to determining the students’ performance. Long term changes aren’t even caused, only temporary changes in the students learning due to the studying for that specific test. After the test is out of the way children tend to forget the information. Testing brings out the anxiety in young students. The students often react to tests by vomiting, crying, or sometimes even both (http://standardizedtests.procon.org/). Tests that inflict so much pressure on one student cant possibly be helpful with improving education. Teaching skills play a major role in the improving of public education but, students can only learn as much as they are taught. Being handed a packet of information and being told to fill in the blanks is only going to show that the student can fill in the blanks. Students need the information explained and repeated so they can remember it further on in their life. When teachers are enthusiastic about a certain subject they can catch the students attention. Teachers who talk all period just bore students causing their minds to wander. A few days later a test is in front of them and they have no clue what its about. Gettting students interested in different subjects will make them want to work harder and do good on the tests. Also the teacher has to have a welcoming personality. If a student is interested in  learning about history but disagrees with the teachers ideas on teaching, the student may choose to purposely do bad on the tests so the teacher looks bad. Elementary school teachers keep the minds of children intersted in school by games and activites. Then as the child goes through middle school the teachers become slightly boring. No more pictures and diagrams or even a break in learning is used. Then high school is there in the blink of an eye and all fun is out of learning. Its all about colleges, good grades, and preparing for the future. Standardized tests cant help education improve if students arent worrying about current events in their life. Improvements in learning environments would help public education increase. From what children observe at a young age helps determine how they will be in life. To build a good learning environment both the psychologists and instructionalists perspectives are needed. People learn by experience, not by reading books and taking tests. For example, think about when going to get a job. The person needing a job will be taught by being shown what to do, how to react, and how things work (http://tecfa.unige.ch/tecfa/research/CMC/andrea95/node4.html). The people getting a new job dont learn by reading text then answering questions; they learn by hands-on expierence (some places should offer IQ tests but unfortunately they dont). Also heighly effective teaching and learning environments should make the students feel safe and welcome. Classroom effort should be shown and the teacher should praise it. If students dont work with teachers to improve situations the information being taught will be forgotten. By showing the information is still remembered a few days later makes the teacher feel as if he/she is doing well so she will continue to do so. Improving public education shouldnt be just about standardized testing. Teacher, students, and parents all need to work together to encourage children to strive to do better. All of this information simply proves that tests show nothing more than teachers ability. The tests students are required to take such as state- and district- mandated tests shouldnt even be in the cirriculum. Information on each of these tests is from each marking period which means its forgotten by the time the nest one is ready.

Free College Essays - Fear in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily :: A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner

The Power of Fear in A Rose for Emily   A Rose for Emily   Life is fickle and most people will be a victim of circumstance and the times. Some people choose not to let circumstance rule them and, as they say, â€Å"time waits for no man†. Faulkner’s Emily did not have the individual confidence, or maybe self-esteem and self-worth, to believe that she could stand alone and succeed at life especially in the face of changing times. She had always been ruled by, and depended on, men to protect, defend and act for her. From her Father, through the manservant Tobe, to Homer Barron, all her life was dependent on men. The few flashes of individuality showed her ability to rise to the occasion, to overcome her dependency, when the action was the only solution available. Like buying the poison or getting money by offering china-painting classes.   Life is sad and tragic; some of which is made for us and some of which we make ourselves. Emily had a hard life. Everything that she loved left her. Her father probably impressed upon her that every man she met was no good for her. The townspeople even state â€Å"when her father died, it got about that the house was all that was left to her; and in a way, people were glad†¦being left alone†¦She had become humanized† (219). This sounds as if her father’s death was sort of liberation for Emily. In a way it was, she could begin to date and court men of her choice and liking. Her father couldn’t chase them off any more. But then again, did she have the know-how to do this, after all those years of her father’s past actions? It also sounds as if the townspeople thought Emily was above the law because of her high-class stature. Now since the passing of her father she may be like them, a middle class working person. Unfortunately, for Emily she bec ame home bound. She didn’t socialize much except for having her manservant Tobe visit to do some chores and go to the store for her. Faulkner depicts Emily and her family as a high social class. Emily did carry her self with dignity and people gave her that respect, based from fear of what Emily could do to them. Emily was a strong willed person especially when she went into the drug store for the arsenic.

Aspects of Poetry

To be able to explain the aspects of poetry to you all, I thought I would break the mini lesson down into two parts. It will help you understand the differences between a poem and a sonnet, and will make it easier to absorb all of the components involved. First we will start with a sonnet. Let’s start by talking about just what a sonnet is. â€Å"Before Shakespeare’s day, the word â€Å"sonnet† meant simply â€Å"little song,† i. e. , a short lyric poem† (poetry. about. com, 2010). By the 1200’s, the sonnet had come to be known as a form of poetry that is comprised of 14 lines.The first type of sonnet was the Italian version, also known as the Petrarchan sonnet. The Italian sonnet is separated into two segments by two different clusters of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines are called the octave and it serves as the question. The remaining 6 lines are called the sestet. The sestet serves as the answer to the octave, or the question. Later we c ame to know the English version, or the Shakespearean version. The English sonnet differs from the Italian sonnet in the way is broken down. The English sonnet has four divisions, not two.You will notice the breaks between the divisions. The first three parts are called the quatrain, and the last part is called the couplet. The couplet is an observation of the first three parts, or quatrains. I will be breaking down the aspects of a sonnet. We will discuss the theme, the language usage, and the metaphorical references that are found within the sonnet that I have chosen. It was a tough decision, but the sonnet I chose to discuss is â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning [1806 – 1861] Here is the sonnet:The first aspect we will tackle is the theme. Common themes can be related to love, death, war, and others. The obvious theme in the chosen sonnet is love and the sonneteer’s feelings towards her husband to be, Robert Brownin g. It is a beautiful sonnet and shows just how intense her love is for her partner. The second aspect we will discuss is the use of language in the sonnet, or figures of speech. You will regularly see the use of metaphors, similes, personifications and irony in sonnets.An example of a metaphor in this sonnet is when the author states â€Å"I love thee freely, as men strive for Right† she is comparing the depth of her love with the passion a man can feel when he is defending his rights and beliefs. On the very next line, the author uses simile by stating that â€Å"I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise†. She is sizing up her love with her faith, or religion. Lastly, I believe that the author displays personification when she writes that â€Å"the ends of Being and ideal Grace† she is personifying her love with life and religion.It is the main theme that pops from the sonnet. By and large, the sonnet is just a beautiful work that expresses extremely deep an d intense feelings about love for another person. I will be discussing the importance of word usage in poem. The poem I chose to discuss is â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† by Anne Bradstreet [c. 1612 – 1672]. Word choice in a poem is the one key aspect to get the message across in a poem. I admit that there are some poems that you have to read over and over again to begin to get an idea of what the author is talking about.Anne Bradstreet created a lovely tribute to the husband and she is expressing just how deep and intense her love is for her partner. By using words that really bring home the powerful sentiments, the reader can comprehend almost immediately what the author is expressing. Bradstreet writes â€Å"I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. she is helping the reader understand how big her love is by making a comparison to a monetary concept. She also writes â€Å"My love is such that rivers cannot quench†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. here she i s making a comparison of the extreme love she feels for her husband with a physical thirst that not even a river can satisfy.That statement is intense! Lastly, Bradstreet writes â€Å"Then while we live, in love let's so persevere†¦That when we live no more, we may live ever†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Such is the adoration for her husband that she is expressing that their love will continue even in death. Using an effective word choice in a poem will make or break a poem. It is the wording that will help get the author’s point across to the reader. â€Å"Words are capable of creating beauty or ugliness, creating mood, creating imagery, sounds, and smells† (Taylor, M, 2006). After reading this poem over and over again, I can say that I feel the love that Bradstreet is expressing.This is a great example of using the right words to get a point across. Whether you’re reading a poem or an epic novel, if you are not choosing the right words, you will not grab your readers.R eferences: Holman, B. Snyder, M. (2010). Sonnet. Retrieved from http://poetry. about. com/od/poeticforms/g/sonnet. htm Taylor, Marilyn. â€Å"Tips For Finding the Right Words. † Writer 119. 12 (2006) Warn, E. (2010). Anne Bradstreet: â€Å"to my dear and loving husband†. Retrieved from http://www. poetryfoundation. org/learning/poem-guide. html? guide_id=238168

The Socio Economic Impact Of Credit Environmental Sciences Essay

Low productiveness coupled with corruptness in the executing of authorities policies and the trouble by aquaculture fish husbandmans to entree recognition which is an of import ingredient for development, increased productiveness and improved supports necessitates this survey. The survey will be conducted to measure the Socio-Economic Impact of Credit on Aquaculture Fish Farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. This is with the position to measure the consequence of the fish husbandmans ‘ socio-economic features and institutional factors that could impact fish production from aquaculture in the survey country. Primary informations will be generated through the disposal of semi-structured questionnaires on indiscriminately selected aquaculture fish husbandmans who benefitted from recognition and those who did non ; such that they are equally spread over the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. The husbandmans will be stratified into donees of recognition ( 40 ) and non-beneficiaries of recognition ( 60 ) , sampled on the footing of three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who benefitted from recognition and three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who did non profit from recognition per Local Government Area ( LGA ) . The primary informations generated will be scored and the per centums of the parametric quantities will be calculated suitably and presented in frequence tabular arraies. The chief statistical tools that will be employed are average, per centum, whole norm and frequence counts. Descriptive statistical method and illative statistics will be employed to discourse consequences. The consequences would be used to proffer recommendations for betterment, based on findings. Introduction. The general aim of this survey is to find the consequence of the fish husbandman ‘s socio-economic features and institutional factors that could impact fish production from aquaculture in the survey country Figs. 1, 2 and 3 ) . The major purposes of the survey are as follows: I. Measure the socio-economic features of fish husbandmans who benefitted and those who did non profit from recognition. two Evaluate the impact of recognition usage on the productiveness of aquaculture in the survey country. three. Measure the degree of production of fish husbandmans who benefitted from and those who did non profit from recognition. four. Identify the jobs and/or factors that militate against the coveted impact of recognition on fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria. v. Identify the beginning ( s ) of recognition and form of expense to the fish husbandmans. six. Proffer recommendations for betterment, based on findings. In order to accomplish the above enunciated major purposes of the survey, the research inquiries for this survey are therefore formulated as follows: I. â€Å" Do aquaculture angle husbandmans with entree to recognition have a better socio-economic life? † two. â€Å" Does entree to recognition impact on the productiveness of aquaculture fish agriculture? † three. â€Å" How does the beginning and form of recognition disbursement impact on the overall socio-economic life of aquaculture fish husbandmans? † In Nigeria, agricultural funding has long been considered a tough nut to cleft. Even when available, entree to recognition is hard for husbandmans. However, there has been renewed involvement by the Federal Government in get the better ofing the obstructions that hinder entree to agricultural obstructions, as finance is an of import ingredient for development, as it allows agricultural communities to go successful in making supports and better nutrient security. Despite assorted attempts by the Nigerian authorities at doing good agricultural policies ; through strategies, programmes and establishments, with agricultural recognition strategies, which has been working for many old ages, the public presentation of the sector has non fared better than it was before independency. This has been diversely blamed on the authorities ‘s inability to supply equal budgetary allotment and funding, coupled with corruptness in the executing of the policies ( Eze, C. et Al. 2010 ) . It is hence pertinent to determine the impact of recognition strategies on the donees, and in peculiar the piscaries sector. It is against this background that this survey is designed to measure the socio-economic impact of recognition on aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria.Relation to Previous Research.Though modern aquaculture in Nigeria is of recent pattern, artisanal fishermen and angling communities have for coevalss practiced traditional methods of fish nurturing in tidal pools and inundation fields ( Dada 2007, 1975 ) . FAO, 2003, reported that Nigeria contributed 6.4 % to agricultural production in Africa in twelvemonth 2000, with domestic fish production from aquaculture increasing from 4.5 % in 1999 to 5.5 % in 2000 ( Table 2 ) . Although there is considerable possible for aquaculture in Nigeria, the present part to domestic fish production from this sector is instead low. Out of the estimated one-year production of 467,098 dozenss in 2000, less than 10 % ca me from aquaculture ( Federal Department of Fisheries, 2003 ) . In malice of the potency of aquaculture, there are tonss of jobs militating against its development. Prominent among these are hapless choice fish seed and provender, hapless substructure, unequal proficient know-how and recognition ( Olaoye et al. , 2011 ) . Credit which is of great importance to the nutriment of fish agriculture and agricultural development in Nigeria is nevertheless missing in the strategy of things ( Onwuka, 2006 ) . Even when available, entree to recognition is hard for husbandmans in the rural countries despite the fact that it is an indispensable input in agricultural production ( Olaoye, 2010 ) . This could be attributed to miss of information and indirect securities among husbandmans and administrative bureaucratic bottle cervixs. Out of despair to transform the state ‘s agricultural sector, the Federal Government of Nigeria has since the early 1970s, embarked on significant capital investing programmes in agribusiness, based on the belief that recognition is the â€Å" all in all † productive input required by husbandmans to transform their productive capacity ( Olowa et al. , 2011 ) . In position of the failed yesteryear recognition strategies and acknowledgment of the of import function recognition dramas in agricultural development and sustainability, prompted the Federal Government of Nigeria to set up recognition strategies such as ; the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme ( ACGS ) and Agricultural Credit Support Scheme ( ACSS ) , amongst others ; to guarantee husbandman ‘s entree to recognition. The constitution of these new recognition strategies notwithstanding, entree to recognition by husbandmans has non well improved. Based on the 2006 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire Surve y, it is estimated that merely 18 % of farm families ( chiefly small-scale husbandmans ) have entree to fiscal services ( Akramov, 2009 ) . It is frequently really hard to quantitatively show the impact of recognition on small-scale husbandmans, because it is hard to capture and analyze all of its benefits ( Accion International, 2010 ) . However, Okojie et Al. ( 2010 ) in an interview of freelance workers in Edo State, Nigeria found that micro-credit had a positive impact on the concern and household life of rural inhabitants that had entree to NGO-MFIs. Feijo ( 2001 ) besides found that there was a positive impact on the lives of husbandmans who benefited from the recognition installations of the Program to Support Family agriculture ( PRONAF ) in Brazil, based on the measuring of productiveness growing of their chief harvests. In the same vena, Oyeyinka et Al. ( 2009 ) , analyzing the impact of donees and non-beneficiaries of the NACRDB smallholder loan strategy in Oyo State, Nigeria, found that the output, income, and entree to improved farm inputs of donees were higher compared to that of non-beneficiaries. Other impacts include betterments in easing economic minutess, pull offing daily resources, accessing services that improve quality of life, protecting against economic exposure, doing productiveness sweetenings and leveraging assets. Finally, participants in the FGD posited that timely recognition proviso facilitates the timely acquisition of farm inputs, which help husbandmans better their support. Traditional aquaculture system and gaining control piscaries have socio-economic impacts on angling communities in Nigeria. Harmonizing to Federal Department of Fisheries ( 2000 ) , traditional aquaculture systems and gaining control piscaries provide employment for over 1 million people in Nigeria. These systems account for 70 – 90 % of the one-year income of angling communities in Nigeria ( DFID-FAO, 2002 ) . The writers nevertheless pointed out that the income is instead low and can barely prolong them and their households. Gwomna ( 2006 ) submitted that angling communities in Nigeria are socially disadvantaged and lack comfortss like lodging, good imbibing H2O, healthful installations and instruction, therefore compromising their nutritionary security. He besides posited that the socio-economic state of affairss of these angling communities therefore have an impact on the quality of their support. In this survey, I am adding a new dimension of looking at the socio-economic impact of recognition on aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, Nigeria from the point of position of multi-credit lines instead a individual recognition installation. This is with the position of highlighting, if any, the interplay of multi-credit lines on the demographics of adoption and its attendant effects on the aquaculture fish husbandmans.Proposed Methods.A multi-stage and simple Random Sampling ( SRS ) technique will be used to bring forth primary informations from the field, utilizing sets of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. Aim trying technique will be used to choose three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans in each of the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas ( LGAS ) of Ogun State, Nigeria who benefitted from a recognition or loan strategy, while another three ( 3 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans who did non profit from any recognition or loan strategy would be sampled in each of the 20 ( 20 ) Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) . A sum of One hundred and 20 ( 120 ) aquaculture fish husbandmans will be sampled for the survey, with accent on husbandmans that keep reasonably good and accurate records of their operations. The husbandmans will be divided into two ( 2 ) groups, viz. ; husbandmans that had entree to recognition or loan ( whether ball or informal beginnings ) for aquaculture fish agriculture and the 2nd group, husbandmans who did non entree any signifier of recognition or loan. Sets of questionnaire would be administered on the sampled aquaculture fish husbandmans between the 1st of November 2012 and 16th December 2012. Effort will be made to guarantee equal spread and representation of each Local Government Area. The primary informations would be generated on the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans, such as ; age, pool size ( s ) , provenders, gender, extension services, rank of Fishermen Co-operative Societies, fish inputs, quality of fish gimmick and income, educational background, recognition beginning ( s ) and form of expense, experience and family size of the husbandman, and jobs restraining aquaculture fish agriculture in Ogun State, Nigeria, etc. , utilizing structured questionnaires. The secondary informations would be extracted from archived paperss of recognition facilitators, oversing authorities bureaus and relevant published research work and documents. The information would include, the entire one-year fish production and entire aquaculture fish production in Ogun State and Nigeria for the last five old ages ; list of aquaculture fish husbandmans in Ogun State, and list of the different types of aquaculture fish pools, their size and locations ; and relevant literature on aquaculture fish production in Ogun State in peculiar and Nigeria in general. Besides, informations on the sum of loans, figure of loan donees, loan public presentation and the demographics of adoption, etc. The administrations from whom these informations would be extracted from their archives, include ; Ogun State Agricultural Development Project, Ogun State Agricultural Management and Credit Scheme ( OSAMCA ) , Nigeria Agricultural Credit and Rural Development Bank ( NACRDB ) , Ogun Sta te Ministry of Agriculture, Federal Department of Fisheries ( FDF ) , University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and any other relevant bureaus and establishments. The primary informations generated from the questionnaire will be scored, and the per centums of the parametric quantities will be calculated suitably and presented in frequence tabular arraies. The chief statistical tools that will be employed are average, per centums, and whole norm and frequence counts. Descriptive statistical methods and illative statistics will be used to discourse the information. The descriptive analysis will be used to foreground the nature and frequence of informations and jobs encountered by the aquaculture fish husbandmans in the province. To buttress the choice of the interview method for informations coevals for the survey, Hirsjarvi et Al. ( 2009 ) and Hirsjarvi ( 2008 ) opined that the interview method is a good method of informations coevals, as it allows for the enlargement of information, clarify desired replies, and acquire exemplifying illustrations. Hirsjarvi and Hume ( 2008 ) define interview as a tool, proposing that the interviewers ‘ talk is to intercede the image of respondents ideas, sentiments, experiences, and feelings. A semi-structured interview type will be chosen for this survey as it is the most suited, sing the nature of the topic. Contemplations. This survey is of great importance and involvement to me because it forms portion of what I intend to make in the hereafter and besides its ability to add to the bing organic structure of cognition. It is anticipated that the survey would besides assist broaden my cognition on aquaculture fish agriculture. The survey has the ability to bring forth critical and utile information that could help policy preparation. Though the survey can be clip devouring, dashing and frustrating, it is every bit rewarding. In transporting out a survey of this nature, there are normally built-in jobs that would necessitate to be addressed in order to carry on a qualitative research that can adequately lend to the bing organic structure of cognition. Some of the awaited jobs and intended solution would be highlighted. The most awaited challenge is that of the moralss of the respondents, peculiarly in a underdeveloped society like Nigeria, with a reasonably low literacy degree and official corruptness ; makes people leery of each other and apathy towards the behavior of study. This ethical consideration demand to be considered as many of the respondents may be loath to take portion in the survey or may non be really willing to unwrap critical and personal information to an unknown beginning. This is attributable to the uncertainness of what the divulged information will be used for, who might come in contact with such information and how the information would be used. In position of the high prevalence of crisp corrupt patterns in the society and public establishments, entree to secondary informations from public and private establishments could be hard, and if provided, they may non be a true contemplation of what obtains on land. To work out this job therefore, I intend to guarantee all those that would necessitate to supply information for the survey of their confidentiality and namelessness, while besides acquiring a missive of debut from the University. I besides intend to acquire the consent of respondents before interview and guaranting that they are adequately educated on the intent of the survey and that the information provided will be used strictly for the exclusive intent of survey. The usage of multi-stage and simple random sample ( SRS ) technique to bring forth primary informations utilizing sets of structured and semi-structured inquiries comes with its ain attendant restrictions, such as the debut of the research workers ‘ prejudice in the class of interview. The prejudices of a research worker on a subject tend to on occasion play itself out on the manner the interview inquiries for the survey are structured. I hence would guarantee that I am as indifferent and open-minded as possible. This is besides pertinent in position of the fact that the survey could assist clarify some salient issues which could assist construct on my cognition of aquaculture fish agriculture. Finally, to accomplish a research work of high quality, I would use myself to the survey with much diligence, difficult work, committedness and unfastened head.Decision.In reasoning this survey, inferals from the analysis of the information generated will be used to proffer recommendations for the betterment of the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans and the ability of the husbandmans to entree recognition, its form of expense and degree of public presentation. On the whole, all issues that come up from the survey as respects the socio-economic features of the aquaculture fish husbandmans and their entree to recognition will be discussed and recommendations proffered for their betterment. The survey will be concluded by associating the subject with all the findings of the survey vis-a-vis the aims of the survey.Timetable.A. 1st November 2012 to 16th December 2012 Polish of questionnaire and disposal. Primary informations assemblage through questionnaire disposal. Expansion of Review of Relevant Literature and Secondary Data Gathering. Draft write-up of Chapter 1. B. 17th December 2012 to 13th January 2013. Extraction and bite of information ( information ) from questionnaire. Analysis of collated information ( information ) . Presentation of analyzed information ( information ) Draft write-up of chapter 2. C. 14th January 2013 to 28th March 2013. Draft write-up of thesis. Submission of bill of exchange transcript of thesis. Submission of concluding transcript of thesis. Mentions. Accion International. n.d. Measuring the impact of microfinance: Our Perspective. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accion.org/Document.Doc? id=794. Accessed July 30, 2010. Akinbile, L.A. ( 2007 ) . Standardization of socio-economic Status ( SES ) graduated table for farm households in South West Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 14 ( 3 ) : 221-227. Akramov, K.T ( 2009 ) . Decentralization, agricultural services and determiners of input usage in Nigeria. Discussion Paper 941, Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute. Dada, B.F. ( 2007 ) . Fisheries Development in Nigeria. The challenges and chances of accessing fund. The president ‘s reference delivered by Otunba Bamidele Dada ( OON ) at the public talk organised by the Fisheries Society of Nigeria ( FISON ) in Lagos, Nigeria. Dada, B.F. ( 1975 ) . Present Status and Prospects for Aquaculture in Nigeria. Symposium on Aquaculture in Africa. CIFA/T4, Rome: FAO. DFID-FAO ( 2002 ) . Contribution of Fisheries Research to the Improvement of Livelihoods in West African Fisheries Communities: Case Study of Nigeria. Rome: DFID-FAO. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sflp.org/eng/fr/003/doc/rpniga2.doc. Accessed 19th March 2005. Eze, C. , Lemchi, J.J. , Ugochukwu, A.I. , Eze, V.C. , Awulonu, C.A.O. , and Okon, A.X. ( 2010 ) . Agricultural Financing Policies and rural Development in Nigeria. The 84th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, Edinburgh. 29th to 31st March 2010. Food and Agricultural Organisation ( FAO ) ( 2003 ) . Review of the State of World Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 886, Rev.2. Rome: FAO. Federal Department of Fisheries ( FDF ) ( 2003 ) . Domestic Fish production by sectors ( 1991-2000 ) . Lagos, Nigeria: Federal Department of Fisheries. Gwomna, A. ( 2006 ) . The Role of Traditional Aquaculture Systems and Fish in Food Security and Livelihoods of Fishing Communities in two States in Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted at The Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland. October 2006. Okojie, C. ; Monye-Emina, A ; Eghofona, K ; Osaghae, G ; and Ehiakhamen, J.O ( 2010 ) . Institutional environment and entree to microfinance by freelance adult females in the rural countries of Edo State.NSSP Brief No. 14. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute. Shimang, G.N. ( 1999 ) . Status Review of Aquaculture Development in Nigeria ( 1940-1998 ) , Abuja, Nigeria. Federal Department of Fisheries.