Constructing a Questionnaire

The general format of the questionnaire is easy to overlook, yet it is something that is just as important as the wording of the questions asked. A questionnaire that is poorly formatted can lead respondents to miss questions, confuse respondents, or even cause them to throw the questionnaire away. First, the questionnaire should be spread out and uncluttered. Oftentimes researchers fear that their questionnaire looks too long and therefore they try to fit too much onto each page. Instead, each question should be given it’s own line. Researchers should not try to fit more than one question on a line because that could cause the respondent to miss the second question or get confused. Second, words should never be abbreviated in an attempt to save space or make a questionnaire shorter. Abbreviating words can be confusing to the respondent and not all abbreviations will be interpreted correctly. This could cause the respondent to answer the question a different way or skip it entirely. Lastly, ample space should be left between questions on each page. Questions should not be too close together on the page or the respondent might be confused as to when one question ends and another begins. Leaving a double space between each question is ideal. Formatting Individual Questions In many questionnaires, respondents are expected to check one response from a series of responses. There may be a square or circle next to each response for the respondent to check or fill in, or the respondent might be instructed to circle their response. Whatever method is used, instructions should be made clear and displayed prominently next to the question. If a respondent indicates their response in a way that is not intended, this could hold up data entry or cause data to be miss-entered. Response choices also need to be equally spaced. For example, if you’re response categories are yes, no, and maybe, all three words should be equally spaced from each other on the page. You do not want yes and no to be right next to each other while â€Å"maybe† is three inches away. This could mislead respondents and cause them to choose a different answer than intended. It could also be confusing to the respondent. Question-Wording The wording of questions and response options in a questionnaire is very important. Asking a question with the slightest difference in wording could result in a different answer or could cause the respondent to misinterpret the question. Oftentimes researchers make the mistake of making questions unclear and ambiguous. Making each question clear and unambiguous seems like an obvious guideline for constructing a questionnaire, however, it is commonly overlooked. Often researchers are so deeply involved in the topic being studied and have been studying it for so long that opinions and perspectives seem clear to them when they might not be to an outsider. Conversely, it might be a new topic and one that the researcher has only a superficial understanding of, so the question might not be specific enough. Questionnaire items (both the question and the response categories) should be so precise that the respondent knows exactly what the researcher is asking. Researchers should be cautious about asking respondents for a single answer to a question that actually has multiple parts. This is called a double-barreled question. For example, let’s say you ask respondents whether they agree or disagree with this statement: The United States should abandon its space program and spend the money on health care reform. While many people might agree or disagree with this statement, many would not be able to provide an answer. Some might think the U.S. should abandon its space program, but spend the money elsewhere (not on health care reform). Others might want the U.S. to continue the space program, but also put more money into the health care reform. Therefore, if either of these respondents answered the question, they would be misleading the researcher. As a general rule, whenever the word and appears in a question or response category, the researcher is likely asking a double-barreled question and measures should be taken to correct it and ask multiple questions instead. Ordering Items In A Questionnaire The order in which questions are asked can affect responses. First, the appearance of one question can affect the answers given to later questions. For instance, if there are several questions at the beginning of a survey that asks about the respondents’ views on terrorism in the United States and then following those questions is an open-ended question asking the respondent what they believe to be dangers to the United States, terrorism is likely to be cited more than it otherwise would be. It would be better to ask the open-ended question first before the topic of terrorism is put into the respondents’ head. Efforts should be made to order the questions in the questionnaire so they do not affect subsequent questions. This can be hard and nearly impossible to do with each question, however, the researcher can try to estimate what the various effects of different question orders would be and choose the ordering with the smallest effect. Questionnaire Instructions Every questionnaire, no matter how it is administered, should contain very clear instructions as well as introductory comments when appropriate. Short instructions help the respondent make sense of the questionnaire and make the questionnaire seem less chaotic. They also help put the respondent in the proper frame of mind for answering the questions. At the very beginning of the survey, basic instructions for completing it should be provided. The respondent should be told exactly what is wanted: that they are to indicate their answers to each question by placing a checkmark or X in the box beside the appropriate answer or by writing their answer in the space provided when asked to do so. If there is one section on the questionnaire with closed-ended questions and another section with open-ended questions, for example, instructions should be included at the beginning of each section. That is, leave instructions for the closed-ended questions just above those questions and leave the instructions for the open-ended questions just above those questions rather than writing them all at the beginning of the questionnaire. References Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

How Information Technologies Have Accelerated the Risk of...

How Information Technologies Have Accelerated The Risk Of Identity Theft Introduction The pervasive nature of the Internet and its many technologies designed to streamline the delivery of information, customization of the user experience, and enable pervasive integration of systems has created the most fertile environment of identity theft as well. From a myriad of technologies that can spoof or impersonate entire websites (Acoca, 2008) to intercept bank account numbers and passwords (Lai, Li, Hsieh, 2012) the threat of identity theft online is very real and growing. What makes this area of crime so difficult to battle against is the fact that many of these steps taken to steal identity information is often completely unknown by the victim when, were and how it happened (Shareef, Kumar, 2012). This makes stopping identity theft very difficult as it is often accomplished quickly and with no indication to a victim or anyone else (Schreft, 2007). The intent of this analysis is to define strategies for reducing the risk of identity theft online. Reducing the Risk of Identity Theft Online for Business and Individuals The paradox of information technology is that for it to deliver value over the long-term, the systems and processes require a continual stream of identifying information. This is the case with many ea-commerce systems that key off of a customers account number, often including a reference within their systems to more confidential data including socialShow MoreRelatedChallenges Implementing New Technology : Electronic Health Record1725 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges Implementing New Technology Electronic health record. Electronic health record (EHR) is an electronic storage where a patients’ personal health information that comprises of the patient’s present health situation as well as every other connected data associated with patient care. 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Effective Factors of Any Primary School

Question: To what extent would you qualify your (primary) school as being an effective school? Answer: Introduction: The main aims plus values of the school was seen to emphasize on strong partnership amid parents and pupils, staff as well as local community. Such aims were embedded within all ways in which school works as well as is promoted in the daily life. Such aims plus values are actually the ethos of the school which affects the role as well as responsibilities of all the staffs and even parents in several ways. I tried to communicate with every stakeholder effectively, and tried to be very tolerant as well as patient while dealing with troubled parents plus children and also was approachable, kind, understanding plus caring (Eisemon, Hallett and Maundu, 1986). I also took some interest in the children's welfare through listening to all of their needs plus observing all the children when they were seen sad. This school has very large populace of some 1200 pupils. This is a proper five stream school which is even considered as extra high performing. The children here arrive from several diss imilar economic backgrounds. Parents are also well involved within education of the children still some demerits and gaps occur in the working of the school and these needs to be filled as soon as possible. Factors that makes any primary school effective: 1. Excellent organizational knowledge and skill teachers of primary school must ensure that every child understands learning objectives as well as gets properly associated concepts plus carries properly organized resources in addition to very smooth classroom schedule.2. Optimistic classroom climate All the teachers and children within the class must like plus respect each other (Eslea and Smith, 1998).3. Personalized teaching All the educators must be very sensitive towards individual requirements of children as well as provide resources that would match all those needs.4. Dialogic teaching as well as learning such element harnesses power of the talk towards extending and stimulating thinking of the student to proceed their learning as well as understanding. Analyzing the school: Learning any second language actually is an adaptation skill which establishes to be very essential when varied cultures come at one place. For instance, children belonging to diverse economic, linguistic and cultural backgrounds were seen in this school and they were taught English as a common language which helped them to bridge towards each other. The motivation for planning intended for children to learn English like an extra language also advocates that within planning for these children who learn English as extra language (HoÃ…Å ¸grr, 2012). Physical ecology of school and the classroom While entering this school, a very large map attempts to welcomes people along with a sign which reads: Welcome to our school. We come from all over the world and we speak 27 languages. For every language, it also was connected to nation of the origin as it was indicated in map. This sign also gives a humid welcome to people who visit school. An IT room also is available for all students to utilize whenever someone needs to use a computer intended for spelling otherwise grammar and/or anything which pertains to English language (Jing, 2012). A trained English teacher also is employed by school to support and facilitate cognitive, language as well as literacy growth and development of any foreign children. Even adults play vital role in development of language within the children, as they require someone who also uses simple language within proper form and also is flexible sufficiently to regulate his language for making a fit with the child's. The school also acknowledges and respects childrens dissimilar cultures and economic conditions. As an instance, the school has held a proper Polish mass which was celebrated by the Polish priest on every Tuesday. Here children are also empowered when their cultural grounds are celebrated. It was also observed that some teachers do not gravely consider the foreign students and also do not accept their native attitude, language and culture, such children feel literally unaccepted as well as unworthy to fit in their classes, thus display some inappropriate behavior and carry outs. They also become lost within terms of the academic achievement as well as develop insecurities regarding their skin, race, ethnicity and color and some time even about language accents. Alike embarrassment also develops stress otherwise anxiety in the class. These students' relatives and family might also seem withdrawn otherwise non-participative within schooling of their children and feel same intellect of not getting fit into novel culture that they presently joined (Teddlie and Liu, 2008). Observations Of Children It was observed that children in this school were never allowed to talk in their personal native language in classroom but these students were set free to talk it outside along with their friends. This was said as a part of learning English language within classroom. This might also be recognized by school like an effective path to immerse children within English language (Johnson and Holdaway, 1990). There were many foreign students who were enrolled within the school. I tried to approach few and then asked them few questions related to the learning of additional language. Two Portuguese students were seen to be peer-teaching. Sole was already confident in English language whilst the other still was seen struggling so more practiced one helped him to translate few words. It was also seen that few teachers in the school did emphasize a lot on local children and tried to ignore foreign students. This laid bad impression on the parents of the children who were ignored by them. Though school treated all the students equally yet it was biasness practiced by some individual staffs which was ruining the situation and practice of the school on overall basis. Two children who spoke Spanish were interviewed and asked whether they spoke to each other in their mother tongue or not, they said they merely speak their native language at home when they are with their relatives and family. They did never speak it within school premises and also said that they were extra happy speaking in a common language as English because majority of time that they spent in the school and along with friends required them to English as a common language for communication (Kurumei, n.d.). Overall school observation: Homework Teachers in this school were found to be excellent when it was about giving homework to student. Being an effective school, teachers here tried to set homework which was meaningful as well as more clearly attached to what children learned in the classroom sessions. They carried extra flexible loom towards setting the homework, and this was put to extend as well as deepen childrens knowledge and understanding. Though very few but some teachers were found to set the homework merely because it was mandatory to allot homework to students as per the curriculum of the school. There works did not seem to be specifically linked to things children learned in the class. Behavior management The dissimilarities amid the students due to varied culture, economic backgrounds and also dissimilar attitudes, every student is different from the other. The school was observed to deal with this fact very appropriately (Picaroni, 2004). Though it was seen that school did not allow use of native language which by some researchers is said to be negative element yet it is even true that use of a common language makes every student feel similar and alike and feeling of disparity vanishes. Personalized teaching as well as learning Teachers in this excellent plus good school were extra probable to personalize all of their childrens learning experiences. These teachers did this through being very sensitive to individual requirements of children within their classes as well as through providing the learning materials which were very rich plus extra varied. They even were rated extra low in the teacher detachment such as isolating themselves from the students by standing near their own desks and not giving any feedback and not noticing the requirements of students. These teachers were seen high when it was about supplying social support to the pupil learning, chiefly within the literacy. Teachers here were exceptionally sensitive towards needs of children as well as provided very outstanding materials for learning specifically selected and modified for the children. Approach of educators: The approach of teachers in the school was very optimistic and they were seen handling students leniently. Though such behavior and approach of educators sometimes pushed them into difficult situations where students went out of control and crossed the line of discipline, but this loom helped teachers to maintain a two way communication in the class (Rhodes and Brundrett, 2008). Sugessions: Culturally-oriented teaching can be attained by the teachers in this school. This might help them to make foreign students feel more comfortable and relaxed. Teachers might take into consideration all the cultural and economic background of students every time. They must consider all the cultural aspects within every communication with the pupils upon personal as well as educational levels. Pupils cultures, languages as well as experiences must to properly acknowledged, valued as well as used like an important resource of the education as they even deserve best that the community can supply them. The teachers must try to know details about each students' background as well as personal experiences and they must try to use these tools and mechanisms to make proper connections with the students. Some plans and tactics that teachers in this school can employ can be inclusion of various contributions, perspectives and histories, as well as some concerns pertinent to diverse environment of the pupils. Incorporating proper attitude and understanding will help the teachers to make the process of learning extra easy as well as meaningful. Also trying to indulge multicultural education and use of the literature from several cultures would also help them to children in the task of reading as well as writing plus would also make them very eager towards learning of the social otherwise cultural offerings made by several sets of people. Rationale for the planning intended for children to learn English as their additional language also suggests that children could have been provided free admittance to their main language for fully understanding their second otherwise additional language and thus classroom teacher has to be more merciful in permitting children to exercise their primary language within classroom as a mechanism towards learning their second language. The physical layout and infrastructure of the school has been seen perfect and simply no change is required within the same. At times teachers need to be somewhat strict with the students as extra leniency with pupils makes them feel free and sometimes this pushes them to path of indiscipline and tends to inculcate feeling of wrong behavior into their minds. Personalizing the teaching makes the task time taking, instead of personalizing teachers and lay emphasis upon some weak students and makes a set of bold and contended pupils for whom a common agenda could be set. Conclusion: Amongst all the things any schools could give to students for helping them to attain proper career and good success, efficient and proper teachers are best bet. In all the education process, having overall teaching and ambience consistently develops a need for extra care and concern and also make the schools extra attentive towards supplying proper education. Being a primary school this institute is almost perfect for any pupil. No such major gaps and demerits were observed and it was seen that overall all the elements of school was good and effective for any child to study in it. All the primary schools need to be extra efficient and careful in all aspects as they teach students in that state of mind when these students tend to grab each and everything easily and any negative step or element can leave them with everlasting negative impact. In a nutshell here are all the details of the school and its level to which it qualifies and attains a degree for becoming an effective primary school with all the positive elements needed for any student to be admitted into a primary institute References Eisemon, T., Hallett, M. and Maundu, J. (1986). Primary School Literature and Folktales in Kenya: What Makes a Children's Story African?. COMP EDUC REV, 30(2), p.232. Eslea, M. and Smith, P. (1998). The long term effectiveness of anti bullying work in primary schools. Educational Research, 40(2), pp.203-218. Hogrr, T. (2012). A Discussion of What Makes a Good Teacher: Opinions of Pre-Service Primary School Teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, pp.451-460. Jing, J. (2012). Teaching English Reading through MI Theory in Primary Schools. English Language Teaching, 6(1). Johnson, N. and Holdaway, E. (1990). Effectiveness of Primary Schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 4(3). Kurumei, W. (n.d.). Effectiveness of Inclusive Education in Public Primary Schools in Keiyo District Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. SSRN Journal. Picaroni, B. (2004). When teaching makes a difference: a case study on language teaching in the final primary year. Improving Schools, 7(3), pp.255-266. Rhodes, C. and Brundrett, M. (2008). What makes my school a good training ground for leadership development?: classroom teachers from 70 contextually different primary and secondary schools in England. Management in Education, 22(1), pp.18-23. Teddlie, C. and Liu, S. (2008). Examining teacher effectiveness within differentially effective primary schools in the People's Republic of China. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 19(4), pp.387-407.

The Hunger Problem in the Modern World

Analysis of Hunger Hunger is one issue that falls under food insecurity. In fact, it is the biggest problem facing any people in modern society. Failure to get enough amount of energy in a day as recommended by world organizations such as Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is defined as hunger. An individual could be hungry for a day, a whole year, or several years. The persistent growth of hunger results to a state where there is no surety of accessing adequate amount of food.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Problem in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This impairs the normal health and development of people. Hunger makes a nation weak because people become tired, weak, malnourished, and in most cases, they lose concentration. The continued lack of food is dangerous, as the health specialists hold that under such circumstances, the body feeds on itself. This means that food store d in the body is converted to nutrients for use. This is where fats are converted metabolically to give energy. These conditions lead to death in extreme circumstances. Statistics from FAO show that in 2010, nineteen million people from developed countries were hungry. Latin America and the Caribbean had fifty three million people without food, and East Africa and North Africa accounted for thirty seven million people (Dole 17). Sub-Saharan Africa had the largest share of two hundred and thirty nine million out of the nine hundred million people who went without food in the world. Children are the most affected group. They are malnourished, which affects their health as UNICEF estimates that children in such conditions spent almost half of the year being sick. Deaths in children associated with malnutrition account for almost five million of the eleven million child deaths yearly. The impact of this is immense in Asia and Africa. Causes of hunger The causes of hunger are many and ar e common in all areas that are affected. Poverty is one of the leading causes of hunger in the world. The resources all over the world are inadequate while those that are available are poorly distributed. The UN report indicates that more than two million people in the world lived below one dollar a day in the year 2005. The same report highlighted that slightly more than a billion people were undernourished. Poverty remains the main cause of hunger despite the efforts made to alleviate the condition. The reasons for persistent hunger in the world are the harmful economic systems. The current political and economic systems control all the resources yet the principal foundations of those systems are based on power, military, and economic supremacy (Diamond 23). These systems ensure that the resources are controlled by few and as such, the majority is left to suffer. In other parts of the world such as Asia and Africa, hunger is caused by armed conflicts. Civil strives are frequent, w hich mainly arise from competing interests in political power circles and persistent military coups. The number of refugees is beyond manageable levels. This situation calls for countries to divert the resources that would be helpful in other sectors to taking care of the refugees.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflicts result to poverty since people do not get time to settle and engage in food production activities. Climate change stands out as both a natural and manmade cause of hunger. Disasters that include floods, drought, and changing weather conditions have been mentioned as the factors behind the ever-changing patterns of climate and therefore farmers in the world are not able to make the right farming decisions. Works Cited Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs Steel: the fate of human societies. New York: Norton publishers, 1999. Print. Dole, Bob. Ending hunger: A challenge t o persons of faith. New York: Augsburg Fortress, 2010. Print. This essay on The Hunger Problem in the Modern World was written and submitted by user Carlie Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Seen in the Classifieds

Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds By Maeve Maddox Spelling counts, even in the classified section of a newspaper. Since people who place the ads cant depend upon someone at the paper to correct their spellings, its a good idea to be careful. Here are some spellings Ive noticed in classified ads: Dalmation pups for sale Bluehealer pups for sale Female lab spaded Duncan Fife for sale Vaccum cleaner for sale The big white dog with black spots is a Dalmatian. The name comes from the dogs presumed place of origin: the province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic Sea. Think Dalmatia and then add an n. I suppose a holy man who paints himself blue could be a blue healer, but the dog is a blue heeler. The dog was bred to herd cattle by snapping at their heels. The process of removing the ovaries of a female animal is called spaying. Such an animal has been spayed and can be called a spay. Sheriff Andys sidekick was Barney Fife, but the man who designed the furniture with the funny legs was Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854). The unusual pairing of us in vacuum should make the spelling easy to remember. The two us create a kind of vacuum in the word. Of course, even if you turn in correctly-spelled ad copy, theres always the possibility that the typesetter will make a mistake. Cant help you there. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Nutrition and kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition and kids - Essay Example It is relevant to admit that obesity epidemic in USA grows rapidly. The statistic data shows that in the 1970s only 5-7 % of children have been obese (Johnson, n.p.). Whereas the evidences from 2012 year demonstrates that 17 % of U.S. children are considered to have serious problems with weight (Johnson, n.p.). Such situation state the idea that question under consideration becomes even more important and represents higher rates in present-day society. The process of determining obesity in children can be rather difficult as kids grow with different rates and in various periods of time (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a case body mass index (BMI) may perform an important role (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). The matter is that this indicator shows the amount of fat in the child’s body. Still, body mass index can be regarded as inappropriate as the process of growth is unstable and variable (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a situation the consultation with health care provider is remained to be relevant. The question of obesity causes is considered to be highly relevant concerning this problem. The obesity rates grow with the development of society, the environment and surrounding is changed (Johnson, n.p.). As a result the nutrition changes are also become relevant. People are used to eat in a fast food restaurant where a huge amount of junk food can be found. Parents usually are busy and not always able to keep up what their children eat (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). Children with low self-esteem or some medical illness are also prone to obesity in children (AACAP, n.p.). In addition, the lack of exercises are one of the important factors that cause obesity (AACAP, n.p.). Those children who do not go in for sports can easily become overweight. It is relevant to mention that the question of genes in the dimension of child’s obesity is contradictory. On one hand, kind with overweight parents are more disposed to experience obesity (AACAP, n.p.). On the

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence - Essay Example These are analytical, experiential and practical intelligence. The above listed behaviours for both academic and everyday intelligence fit into Sternberg's theory. Academic intelligence corresponds with both experiential and componential intelligence, as defined by Sternberg. Experiential intelligence essentially refers to the capacity to comprehend tasks, even novel ones, and execute them efficiently. In relation to academic intelligence, it references the capacity to assimilate knowledge, comprehend abstract terms and apply that knowledge, including the translation of the abstract into the practical. As regards componential intelligence, it essentially refers to problem-solving which, in itself, is predicated on the intellectual analysis of the problem and the selection of the optimal solution. In others words, insofar as the behaviours listed for academic intelligence ultimately derive from the capacity to assimilate and apply new knowledge, they correspond to Sternberg's theory of intelligence. As regards the behaviours listed for everyday intelligence, they correspond with Sternberg's experiential and practical intelligence.